#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <exception>
#include <new>      // for bad_alloc
#include <typeinfo>	// for bad_cast
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;

class Base
{
public:
    virtual void funk() {}
    virtual ~Base() {}
};

class Derived : public Base
{
public:
    void funk() {}
};


int main()
{
    // test bad_alloc
    try
    {
        while (1)
        {
            cout << "Can I have some memory?\n";
            new char[0x7fffffff];
        }
    }
    catch(const bad_alloc& error)
    {
        cerr << "*** I caught a " << error.what() << endl << endl;
    }

    // test bad_cast
    // A bad_cast exception is thrown from a dynamic_cast when a class
    // object or reference cannot be converted to a reference to some other class
    try
    {
        Base		baseObject;
        // try to cast a base object to a derived object
        Derived& ref2Derived = dynamic_cast<Derived&>(baseObject);
    }
    catch(const bad_cast& error)
    {
        cerr << "!!! I caught a " << error.what() << endl << endl;
    }

    // test out_of_range error
    try
    {
        string S = "Hey";
        cout << "S.at(2)=" << S.at(2) << endl;
        cout << "S.at(5)=" << S.at(5) << endl;	// string throws an out_of_range error
    }
    catch (const out_of_range& error)
    {
        cout << "$$$ I caught a " << error.what() << endl << endl;
    }

    cout << "*** End of Program ***\n";
}