#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <climits>
using namespace std;

long address2long(const void* address);
unsigned powerOf2(int exp);
template <typename T> void printBits(T type);

struct Struct1
{
    char c1;
    char c2;
    short s1;
    int i;
};

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Struct1& d)
{
    out << "Address: " << address2long(&d) << "   " << sizeof(d) << " bytes" << endl;
    out << "    &c1: " << address2long(&d.c1);
    printBits(d.c1);
    out << "    &c2: " << address2long(&d.c2);
    printBits(d.c2);
    out << "    &s1: " << address2long(&d.s1);
    printBits(d.s1);
    out << "     &i: " << address2long(&d.i);
    printBits(d.i);
    return out;
}


struct Struct2
{
    char c1;
    int i;
    char c2;
    short s1;
};

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Struct2& d)
{
    out << "Address: " << address2long(&d) << "   " << sizeof(d) << " bytes" << endl;
    out << "    &c1: " << address2long(&d.c1);
    printBits(d.c1);
    out << "     &i: " << address2long(&d.i);
    printBits(d.i);
    out << "    &c2: " << address2long(&d.c2);
    printBits(d.c2);
    out << "    &s1: " << address2long(&d.s1);
    printBits(d.s1);
    return out;
}

int main()
{
    Struct1 s1 = {'A','B',static_cast<short>(13),55};
    printBits(s1);
    cout << endl;
    Struct2 s2 = {'A',55,'B',static_cast<short>(13)};
    printBits(s2);
}


long address2long(const void* address)
{
    return reinterpret_cast<long>(address);
}

template <typename T>
void printBits(T t)
{
    cout << setw(6) << t << "   ";

    unsigned mask;
    unsigned char* ptr;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(T); i++)
    {
        // Advance ptr each byte of the argument
        ptr = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&t) + i;

        // Print the contents of the byte
        for (int i = 7; i >= 0; --i)
        {
            mask = powerOf2(i);
            cout << (*ptr & mask ? 1 : 0);
        }
        cout << "  ";
    }
    cout << endl;
}

unsigned powerOf2(int exp)
{
    unsigned value = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < exp; ++i)
    {
        value *= 2;
    }
    return value;
}