#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

unsigned powerOf2(int exp);
template <typename T> void printBits(T type);


int main()
{
    unsigned char a;
    unsigned char b;

    // turn a bit on
    a = 34;
    cout << " a =";printBits(a);
    b= 4;
    cout << " b =";printBits(b);
    cout << "a|=b"; printBits(a|=b); cout << endl;

    // turn a bit off
    a = 34;
    cout << " a =";printBits(a);
    b= 2;
    cout << " b =";printBits(b);
    cout << "a&~b"; printBits(a&~b); cout << endl;

    // toggle a bit
    a = 34;
    cout << " a =";printBits(a);
    b= 66;
    cout << " b =";printBits(b);
    cout << "a^=b"; printBits(a^=b); cout << endl;

    // test to see if a bit is turned on
    a = 34;
    cout << boolalpha;
    cout << " a =";printBits(a);
    cout << " 2 =";printBits(2);
    cout << "a & 2 = " << static_cast<bool>(a & 2) << endl;
    cout << " 4 =";printBits(4);
    cout << "a & 4 = " << static_cast<bool>(a & 4) << endl;
}

template <typename T>
void printBits(T t)
{
    unsigned mask;
    unsigned char* ptr;
    cout << setw(5) << static_cast<int>(t) << " ";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(T); i++)
    {
        // Advance ptr each byte of the argument
        ptr = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&t) + i;

        // Print the contents of the byte
        for (int i = 7; i >= 0; --i)
        {
            mask = powerOf2(i);
            cout << (*ptr & mask ? 1 : 0);
        }
        cout << "  ";
    }
    cout << endl;
}

unsigned powerOf2(int exp)
{
    unsigned value = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < exp; ++i)
    {
        value *= 2;
    }
    return value;
}